Transport in the Sudan: communications, political economy and social changes
Sudan Transport: Communications, Political – economy and Social Change
Peter Woodward Peter
== sync, corrected by elderman == @elder man
Submit: This is a translation of most of the British Professor Peter Woodward ' s article on the history of the Sadik Hadid, Sudan, published in the Journal of Sudanese Studies No. 71 of 2026m, which, in addition to this article, was erased from two other articles of the Sak Hadid, one of them by Hashem Muhammad ' s pen of the Suk Hadid Museum in Atborah.
In 2014, I translated an article on the history of the Sudanese Airlines, which I stated in the introduction that I saw as disrespectfully translating from that institution that they had messed with and had not been impeccated, in a statement by Professor Abdullah Al-Kayb of Khartoum University in the 1960s, perhaps now our poet has believed in a large number of other successful institutions that, for many reasons, have become the following decades.
Professor Emeritus Professor of Political Sciences at the British University of Redding has an old research interest in Sudanese, African and Arab affairs. Many articles and books on the Sudan have been published, among others, bilateral and national governance, and the Sudan 1898-1989. From 1966 to 1967, a male English teacher at Costie High School (who was a cheerleader and a player in Mars Costi) worked in a lecture at the University of Khartoum (with the assistance of Dr. Jafar Bakhit, as mentioned in the end of his article by the interpreter) from 1968 to 1971, when he left for doctoral training at the University of Redding.
The readers are not afraid that many developments in the political, military and economic scene in the Sudan have occurred in the past four years, and have not been reflected in this article.
Translator
Introduction
This article discusses the political economy of transport (or communications) in the Sudan, paves the way for other articles that may be published in the sea this year, and the year 2025 marked the fifty-100th anniversary of the establishment of railways in the Sudan -- an event that is undoubtedly eligible for celebration.
In some ways, it can be argued that the railway has played a central role in the establishment of the Sudan Studies Society of Britain (SSSUK), where Professor Richard Hill had a prominent role to play. Professor Hill had published in 1965 a book on " Communications in the Sudan " , and the man was hopeful to work in history in the Sudan in the 1930s (1) years, but this was not done for him, and he was told that there was a vacancy in the interest of the railroad and that he was a senior job in the Sudan, where he found an opportunity to record the history of the railroad, and become an Arabist from the Sudan.
Early days (1898-1914m)
The political economy has been present since the beginning of the return of the English-Egyptian rule of the Sudan in 1898. The military campaign began work on an iron line, which proved to be one of the most important factors that helped to reach the railway to Khartoum by sea following the battle of Umm Durman, and then a bridge to the Blue Nile was set up to reach the city of Khartoum. The new governors (the British in the southern part) were not able to control the southern part of the Sudan, but they were afraid of the violent threats of the southern Sudan.
The establishment of railroads has also had a negative impact on land rights issues, which in turn highlighted the importance of the influence of tribal elders during negotiations to legitimize construction work; they were paid for the services they provided to the new State. The creation of labour has also been a potential challenge, requiring the need for paid workers (paid workers); this has marked the beginning of the interconnection between government employment and social change, which has had a long history in subsequent years; in the meantime, the vast majority of Sudanese remain engaged in subsistence/self-sustainment cultivation (subsi) s tence agriculture), practising their role in agriculture and/or grazing.
Years between wars (1918-1939m)
In addition to the Sudan ' s developmental infrastructure, the Sudan ' s two government and economic forces were a central part of these developments, and the Sudan ' s Rapiders were to be founded in the period between the two world wars. otorization, however, the Government of the Sudan has endeavoured to protect the railway from competition, and in 1934 a decree was issued that transport and travel to and from Port Sudan should be limited to rail, not to others; a developing class of businessmen has been severely cashed for that decree, some of the class members defied it and have been using trucks (Louare) instead of railing for access to Port Sudan.
Attara was the head of the Sak Hadid administration in the Sudan, and while the first area to connect the Sudanese rail was with Egypt, the British plan was aimed at extending the rail line to a new port on the Red Sea, where there was a borderline to meet with Egypt at a site where the Nile River met with the Atbrah River, and since 1906 the village ' s largest industrial city in the Sudan, it was quickly set up to become the southern workers. In 1969, one of them had a certain degree of well-being, and one of them had a strong demonstration of their social status, spreading, on a large scale, social networks of different types, with a number of social clubs and sports teams in the city, and over the years, the political consciousness of hard labourers began with the emergence of a new working class, founded immediately after the Second World War, the Sudanese Communist Party in Atmira, and with a major rivals.
A railway system in the Sudan has been established for some agricultural, social and political development, particularly in the central regions of the country, including some local products such as the Arab stain in Kordofan, which have benefited greatly from the extension of the railway line to the White (1911m. Translator). However, the decision of the Government of the Sudan to construct the Island Cotton Project in 1926 led to the Sudan ' s largest cotton economy. The structure of the project scheme has had a significant impact: first, there was an urgent need to build a new dam in Sinar to feed the many irrigation channels, and then the arrangements for granting farmers hundreds of plots for cotton farming (6) were approved.
The project was run through a body called the Sudan Plantations Syndicate, in partnership with Sudanese people who grow cotton (7) and, over time, the cotton is the most important product to be exported abroad, the Sudan became one of its most important exporting nations, and the cotton was travelling to Port Sudan with a real, black-blading car.
The cotton was also grown by the injection (i.e., in the west) of the private sector ' s farms on the Blue and White Nile coast, on the coast of the Nile River in northern Khartoum, where the cotton plantations varied in the area, some of which were small farms owned by individuals, few of which were large-scale projects, such as those owned by Mr. Abdul Rahman Al-Mahdi, whose greatest white man was on the island.
In Egypt, however, the patriotic movement also had important competitors: Mr. Ali Al-Mergne (the leader of the Tamah community) was very suspicious and suspicious of Mr. Abdel Rahman ' s growing ambitions and had many followers in eastern and northern Sudan who had been more diversified and dispersed (compared with the two main supporters of the 19th time) and looked forward to Egypt ' s own ambitions of reignity of 1945.
The construction of a modern transport system has been a pivotal role in building a colonial economy in the Sudan, with a changing community with two humiliating political parties, while the remote areas of the country have been less engaged (in the political process, the translator), and their position is described as a "discussion", not just a "neglect," but a growing state of underdevelopment and exploitation.
After independence (1956-1989m)
Following its independence, the Government of the Sudan (the majority of its ministers from the central regions of northern Sudan) inherited the colonized economy in the central regions, and in large areas in the south, west and east, it also inherited an increasing sense of marginalization. The Government (under the Government of Ibrahim Aboud. Translator) extended the railway to Darfur and the south (62 and 1959, respectively) extended the economic line.
The transport in the Sudan changed significantly after 1971 when the importance of railways diminished, partly because of the changing nature of the world economy; in particular, cotton had given way to artificial fibres, which had contributed to the decline of what was at the heart of the economic growth of the Sudan, which was entirely dependent on the railway line leading to Port Sudan. At the same time, the Gulf States experienced a rapid increase in demand for oil, resulting in higher prices across OPEC, the purpose of which was to make the Sudan a food basket for the Arab world. Like Lonro, new investors relied on trucks, not railroad, and no one invested in modernizing the railway transport system, which originally suffered from mismanagement, labour strikes and corruption, repeating the same pattern when oil was discovered in Southern Sudan: the giant American company, Chevron, used large trucks and boreholes as they were attending the Sudanese mutation.
However, agricultural and oil extraction were unable to protect the Nimiri regime from falling in 1985. Arab investment in agricultural business was accelerated and lacked robust planning, caused many social unrest and discontent, and forces from southerners participating in the Second Civil War attacked the centre of Chevron and forced them to leave the country in a hurry in 1983 (10m).
The Nimiri system had experienced growth and diversification in the rent economy, with the creation of new businesses, which had led to increased automation, despite the limited growth of the modern road network. At the same time, development remained very limited in the marginalized areas of the South and Darfur.
1989 and beyond
Following a short period of civil rule, another military coup was carried out in 1989 by the Muslim Brotherhood Movement, which was in constant progress over the 1980s, particularly after the Nimiri Declaration on Shariah Laws (September 1983m). The leader of the Hassan al-Turabi was the leader of that coup, which was presided over by Brigadier General Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir, and the new system imposed severe restrictions on the members of the community; the period of that provision saw a significant expansion of Islamic banks and close cooperation with sources of financing from the Gulf States; the country experienced a major commercial activity in which road roads were used (which had originally been heavily invested).
Hopes for China ' s entry into oil production in the south of the country have increased following the exit of Chevron, particularly the implementation of a pipeline to transport oil from the South to Port Sudan. In the first decade of the second millennium, the Sudan witnessed a marked increase in road traffic in many regions, particularly in the middle of the country, while the conflict in the marginalized areas continued south and in Darfur. In Darfur, the situation has been much worse, as conflict and famine have worsened, and the work of the road sector (armed looting) carried out by a new group known as the Janjaweed, who have been circumventing the various regions on the rise of horses and beauty, taking care of the non-Arab population and committing genocide throughout the state in collusion with government forces.
In the following decade, the country ' s economic landscape deteriorated and the ruled regime was overwhelmed, and cities saw numerous protests that eventually led to the drop-off and arrest of the Bashir regime, a period of civil governance led by Abdullah Hamduk (in partnership with army leaders) and, after a relatively short period, that civil provision was dropped by interference from the military partner.
Transport has played a pivotal role in the next chapter of the Sudan ' s destabilization towards disaster. Darfur has always been associated with Chad ' s events. In the 1980s, the pickup trucks were deployed in large numbers to retrieve the Libyan invasion from the north. These trucks, rapid, light and highly resilient in the deployment, have proved to be distinguished in the Sahara conflict. (The writers then dealt with excessively without some aspects of known developments following the 20th of the Sudan ' s political and economic scene.
لقد أثبت النقل أنه عنصر أساسي في تشكيل الاقتصاد السياسي والمجتمع السوداني، بدءًا من نمو دولة الحكم الثنائي القائمة على خطوط السكك الحديدية بصورة اساسية. وبعد عقود، مكّنت شاحنات النقل السريع عند “قوات الدعم السريع” من مواجهة القوات المسلحة السودانية في صراع عسكري واسع النطاق، مما جعل بقاء الدولة، كما كانت قائمة إبان سنوات الحكم الثنائي (والذي تم تقسيمه بالفعل مع استقلال جنوب السودان)، احتمالًا واقعياً.
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الهوامش
1/ يمكن الرجوع للمقال عبر الرابط https://shorturl.at/OmUXc
2/ نُشرت في عام 2025م ترجمة عربية لكتاب Sudan Transport كتب ب. أحمد أبو شوك عنه عرضاً تجده في هذا الرابط :https://shorturl.at/lZHmR
3/ ورد في العدد الثالث عشر من مجلة الدراسات السودانية، الصادر في يناير من عام 2013م أن ريتشارد هيل جاء إلى السودان عام 1927م (وليس في الثلاثينات).
4/ اُنْظُرْ مقال: “عرض مختصر لكتاب “مدينة الحديد والنار: التاريخ الاجتماعي لأتبرا، مدينة سكك حديد السودان بين عامي 1906 – 1984م” في هذا الرابط https://shorturl.at/ayVkj
5/ اُنْظُرْ مقال عبد الله علي إبراهيم حول إضراب عمال أتبرا في يوليو 1981م بعنوان “إضراب عمال السكة حديد (يوليو 1981): من أجهضك يا فراش؟” في هذا الرابط: https://shorturl.at/uGxmo
6/ يمكن النظر في مقال مترجم بعنوان ” إنشاء خزان سنار في السودان” نشر في سودانايل في 25 ديسمبر من عام 2013م، وفي الجزء الثالث من كتاب “السودان بعيون غربية”، ومقال مترجم أخر بعنوان “زراعة القطن تجارياً في السودان بين عامي 1820 و1925م: دراسة في الجغرافيا التاريخية” تجده في هذا الرابط: https://shorturl.at/uQR9Q
(7) اُنْظُرْ المقال المترجم بعنوان: “مشروع الجزيرة بالسودان والمزارع الجماعية (الكولخوزات) بروسيا: مقارنة تجربتين” https://shorturl.at/G69OR
(8) يمكن النظر في مقال فيرقس نيكول (من ثلاثة أجزاء) عن “دائرة المهدي” في هذا الرابط: https://shorturl.at/KBORI
(9). ذكر الكاتب هنا في الحاشية أن البريطانيين منحوا لقب فارس لعبد الرحمن المهدي وعلي الميرغني في ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين أملاً في نيل ولائهما للحكومة.
(10). ذكر بروفيسور سلمان محمد أحمد سلمان أن “الحركة الشعبية قامت في شهر نوفمبر عام 1983م (بعد شهورٍ فقط من إعلان ميلادها) بإنذار شركة شيفرون بوقف نشاطها في قطاع النفط في جنوب السودان. وتبعتْ ذلك الإنذار بهجومٍ عسكريٍ ناجحٍ على معسكر الشركة، وعلى أحد مواقع النفط الرئيسية، مما أدّى إلى إغلاق الشركة لكل عملياتها وانسحابها التام من الجنوب”. اُنْظُرْ الرابط: https://shorturl.at/fSzhc
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